- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
- 39
- 40
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study Solution
Posted by John Berg on Feb-16-2018
Introduction
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study is included in the Harvard Business Review Case Study. Therefore, it is necessary to touch HBR fundamentals before starting the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case analysis. HBR will help you assess which piece of information is relevant. Harvard Business review will also help you solve your case. Thus, HBR fundamentals assist in easily comprehending the case study description and brainstorming the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case analysis. Also, a major benefit of HBR is that it widens your approach. HBR also brings new ideas into the picture which would help you in your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case analysis.
To write an effective Harvard Business Case Solution, a deep Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case analysis is essential. A proper analysis requires deep investigative reading. You should have a strong grasp of the concepts discussed and be able to identify the central problem in the given HBR case study. It is very important to read the HBR case study thoroughly as at times identifying the key problem becomes challenging. Thus by underlining every single detail which you think relevant, you will be quickly able to solve the HBR case study as is addressed in Harvard Business Case Solution.
Problem Identification
The first step in solving the HBR Case Study is to identify the problem. A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that to identify a problem, you must know where it is intended to be. To do a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case study analysis and a financial analysis, you need to have a clear understanding of where the problem currently is about the perceived problem.
For effective and efficient problem identification,
- A multi-source and multi-method approach should be adopted.
- The problem identified should be thoroughly reviewed and evaluated before continuing with the case study solution.
- The problem should be backed by sufficient evidence to make sure a wrong problem isn't being worked upon.
Problem identification, if done well, will form a strong foundation for your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study. Effective problem identification is clear, objective, and specific. An ambiguous problem will result in vague solutions being discovered. It is also well-informed and timely. It should be noted that the right amount of time should be spent on this part. Spending too much time will leave lesser time for the rest of the process.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Analysis
Once you have completed the first step which was problem identification, you move on to developing a case study answers. This is the second step which will include evaluation and analysis of the given company. For this step, tools like SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces analysis for Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product, etc. can be used. Porter’s five forces analysis for Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product analyses a company’s substitutes, buyer and supplier power, rivalry, etc.
To do an effective HBR case study analysis, you need to explore the following areas:
1. Company history:
The Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case study consists of the history of the company given at the start. Reading it thoroughly will provide you with an understanding of the company's aims and objectives. You will keep these in mind as any Harvard Business Case Solutions you provide will need to be aligned with these.
2. Company growth trends:
This will help you obtain an understanding of the company's current stage in the business cycle and will give you an idea of what the scope of the solution should be.
3. Company culture:
Work culture in a company tells a lot about the workforce itself. You can understand this by going through the instances involving employees that the HBR case study provides. This will be helpful in understanding if the proposed case study solution will be accepted by the workforce and whether it will consist of the prevailing culture in the company.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Financial Analysis
The third step of solving the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study is Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Financial Analysis. You can go about it in a similar way as is done for a finance and accounting case study. For solving any Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case, Financial Analysis is of extreme importance. You should place extra focus on conducting Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product financial analysis as it is an integral part of the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study Solution. It will help you evaluate the position of Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product regarding stability, profitability and liquidity accurately. On the basis of this, you will be able to recommend an appropriate plan of action. To conduct a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product financial analysis in excel,
- Past year financial statements need to be extracted.
- Liquidity and profitability ratios to be calculated from the current financial statements.
- Ratios are compared with the past year Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations
- Company’s financial position is evaluated.
Another way how you can do the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product financial analysis is through financial modelling. Financial Analysis through financial modelling is done by:
- Using the current financial statement to produce forecasted financial statements.
- A set of assumptions are made to grow revenue and expenses.
- Value of the company is derived.
Financial Analysis is critical in many aspects:
- Decision Making and Strategy Devising to achieve targeted goals- to determine the future course of action.
- Getting credit from suppliers depending on the leverage position- creditors will be confident to supply on credit if less company debt.
- Influence on Investment Decisions- buying and selling of stock by investors.
Thus, it is a snapshot of the company and helps analysts assess whether the company's performance has improved or deteriorated. It also gives an insight about its expected performance in future- whether it will be going concern or not. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Financial analysis can, therefore, give you a broader image of the company.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product's calculations of ratios only are not sufficient to gauge the company performance for investment decisions. Instead, investment appraisal methods should also be considered. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV calculation is a very important one as NPV helps determine whether the investment will lead to a positive value or a negative value. It is the best tool for decision making.
There are many benefits of using NPV:
- It takes into account the future value of money, thereby giving reliable results.
- It considers the cost of capital in its calculations.
- It gives the return in dollar terms simplifying decision making.
The formula that you will use to calculate Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV will be as follows:
Present Value of Future Cash Flows minus Initial Investment
Present Value of Future cash flows will be calculated as follows:
PV of CF= CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + …CFn/(1+r)^n
where CF = cash flows
r = cost of capital
n = total number of years.
Cash flows can be uniform or multiple. You can discount them by Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC as the discount rate to arrive at the present value figure. You can then use the resulting figure to make your investment decision. The decision criteria would be as follows:
- If Present Value of Cash Flows is greater than Initial Investment, you can accept the project.
- If Present Value of Cash Flows is less than Initial Investment, you can reject the project.
Thus, calculation of Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV will give you an insight into the value generated if you invest in Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product. It is a very reliable tool to assess the feasibility of an investment as it helps determine whether the cash flows generated will help yield a positive return or not.
However, it would be better if you take various aspects under consideration. Thus, apart from Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product’s NPV, you should also consider other capital budgeting techniques like Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product’s IRR to evaluate and fine-tune your investment decisions.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product DCF
Once you are done with calculating the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV for your finance and accounting case study, you can proceed to the next step, which involves calculating the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product DCF. Discounted cash flow (DCF) is a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product valuation method used to estimate the value of an investment based on its future cash flows. For a better presentation of your finance case solution, it is recommended to use Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product excel for the DCF analysis.
To calculate the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product DCF analysis, the following steps are required:
- Calculate the expected future cash inflows and outflows.
- Set-off inflows and outflows to obtain the net cash flows.
- Find the present value of expected future net cash flows using a discount rate, which is usually the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC).
- Evaluate the potential investment:
- If the value calculated through Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product DCF is higher than the current cost of the investment, the opportunity should be considered
- If the current cost of the investment is higher than the value calculated through DCF, the opportunity should be rejected
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product DCF can also be calculated using the following formula:
DCF= CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + …CFn/(1+r)^n
In the formula:
- CF= Cash flows
- R= discount rate (WACC)
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC
When making different Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product's calculations, Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC calculation is of great significance. WACC calculation is done by the capital composition of the company. The formula will be as follows:
Weighted Average Cost of Capital = % of Debt * Cost of Debt * (1- tax rate) + % of equity * Cost of Equity
You can compute the debt and equity percentage from the balance sheet figures. For the cost of equity, you can use the CAPM model. Cost of debt is usually given. However, if it isn't mentioned, you can calculate it through market weighted average debt. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product’s WACC will indicate the rate the company should earn to pay its capital suppliers. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC can be analysed in two ways:
- From the company's perspective, it can be analysed as the cost to be paid to the capital providers also known as Cost of Capital
- From an investor' perspective, if the expected return on the investment exceeds Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC, the investor will go ahead with the investment as a positive value would be generated.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product IRR
After calculating the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product WACC, it is necessary to calculate the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product IRR as well, as WACC alone does not say much about the company’s overall situation. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product IRR will add meaning to the finance solution that you are working on. The internal rate of return is a tool used in investment appraisal to calculate the profitability of prospective investments. IRR calculations are dependent on the same formula as Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product NPV.
There are two ways to calculate the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product IRR.
- By using a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Excel Spreadsheet: There are in-built formulae for calculating IRR.
-
By using trial-and-error: For this, the following formula will be used:
IRR= R + [NPVa / (NPVa - NPVb) x (Rb - Ra)]
In this formula:
- Ra= lower discount rate chosen
- Rb= higher discount rate chosen
- NPVa= NPV at Ra
- NPVb= NPV at Rb
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product IRR impacts your finance case solution in the following ways:
- If IRR>WACC, accept the alternative
- If IRR<WACC, reject the alternative
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Excel Spreadsheet
All your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations should be done in a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product xls Spreadsheet. A Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product excel spreadsheet is the best way to present your finance case solution. The Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Calculations should be presented in Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product excel in such a way that the analysis and results can be distinguished to the viewers. The point of Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product excel is to present large amounts of data in clear and consumable ways. Presenting your data is also going to make sure that you don't have misinterpretations of the data.
To make your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations sheet more meaningful, you should:
- Think about the order of the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product xls worksheets in your finance case solution
- Use more Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product xls worksheets and tables as will divide the data that you are looking at in sections.
- Choose clarity overlooks
- Keep your timeline consistent
- Organise the information flow
- Clarify your sources
The following tips and bits should be kept in mind while preparing your finance case solution in a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product xls spreadsheet:
- Avoid using fixed numbers in formulae
- Avoid hiding data
- Useless and meaningful colours, such as highlighting negative numbers in red
- Label column and rows
- Correct your alignment
- Keep formulae readable
- Strategically freeze header column and row
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Ratio analysis
After you have your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations in a Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product xls spreadsheet, you can move on to the next step which is ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is an analysis of information in the form of figures contained in the financial statements of a company. It will help you evaluate various aspects of a company's operating and financial performance which can be done in Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Excel.
To conduct a ratio analysis that covers all financial aspects, divide the analysis as follows:
- Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity ratios gauge a company's ability to pay off its short-term debt. These include the current ratio, quick ratio, and working capital ratio.
- Solvency ratios: Solvency ratios match a company's debt levels with its assets, equity, and earnings. These include the debt-equity ratio, debt-assets ratio, and interest coverage ratio.
- Profitability Ratios: These show how effectively a company can generate profits through its operations. Profit margin, return on assets, return on equity, return on capital employed, and gross margin ratio is examples of profitability ratios.
- Efficiency ratios: Efficiency ratios analyse how efficiently a company uses its assets and liabilities to boost sales and increase profits.
- Coverage Ratios: These ratios measure a company's ability to make the interest payments and other obligations associated with its debts. Examples include times interest earned ratio and debt-service coverage ratio.
- Market Prospect Ratios: These include dividend yield, P/E ratio, earnings per share, and dividend payout ratio.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Valuation
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Valuation is a very fundamental requirement if you want to work out your Harvard Business Case Solution. Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Valuation includes a critical analysis of the company's capital structure – the composition of debt and equity in it, and the fair value of its assets. Common approaches to Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product valuation include
- FCFF
- FCFE
- DDM
- Comparable
- DDM is an appropriate method if dividends are being paid to shareholders and the dividends paid are in line with the earnings of the company.
- FCFF is used when the company has a combination of debt and equity financing.
- FCFE, on the other hand, shows the cash flow available to equity holders only.
These three methods explained above are very commonly used to calculate the value of the firm. Investment decisions are undertaken by the value derived.
Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations for projected cash flows and growth rates are taken under consideration to come up with the value of firm and value of equity. These figures are used to determine the net worth of the business. Net worth is a very important concept when solving any finance and accounting case study as it gives a deep insight into the company's potential to perform in future.
Alternative Solutions
After doing your case study analysis, you move to the next step, which is identifying alternative solutions. These will be other possibilities of Harvard Business case solutions that you can choose from. For this, you must look at the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case analysis in different ways and find a new perspective that you haven't thought of before.
Once you have listed or mapped alternatives, be open to their possibilities. Work on those that:
- need additional information
- are new solutions
- can be combined or eliminated
After listing possible options, evaluate them without prejudice, and check if enough resources are available for implementation and if the company workforce would accept it.
For ease of deciding the best Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case solution, you can rate them on numerous aspects, such as:
- Feasibility
- Suitability
- Flexibility
Implementation
Once you have read the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product HBR case study and have started working your way towards Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Solution, you need to be clear about different financial concepts. Your Mondavi case answers should reflect your understanding of the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Study.
You should be clear about the advantages, disadvantages and method of each financial analysis technique. Knowing formulas is also very essential or else you will mess up with your analysis. Therefore, you need to be mindful of the financial analysis method you are implementing to write your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case study solution. It should closely align with the business structure and the financials as mentioned in the Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product case memo.
You can also refer to Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Harvard case to have a better understanding and a clearer picture so that you implement the best strategy. There are a number of benefits if you keep a wide range of financial analysis tools at your fingertips.
- Your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product HBR Case Solution would be quite accurate
- You will have an option to choose from different methods, thus helping you choose the best strategy.
Recommendation and Action Plan
Once you have successfully worked out your financial analysis using the most appropriate method and come up with Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product HBR Case Solution, you need to give the final finishing by adding a recommendation and an action plan to be followed. The recommendation can be based on the current financial analysis. When making a recommendation,
- You need to make sure that it is not generic and it will help in increasing company value
- It is in line with the case study analysis you have conducted
- The Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product calculations you have done support what you are recommending
- It should be clear, concise and free of complexities
Also, adding an action plan for your recommendation further strengthens your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product HBR case study argument. Thus, your action plan should be consistent with the recommendation you are giving to support your Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product financial analysis. It is essential to have all these three things correlated to have a better coherence in your argument presented in your case study analysis and solution which will be a part of Bakeys Cutlery An Innovative Sustainable Product Case Answer.
References
Arbaugh, W. (2000). Windows of vulnerability: A case study analysis. Retrieved from Colorado State University Web site: http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~cs635/Windows_of_Vulnerability.pdf
Choi, J. J., Ju, M., Kotabe, M., Trigeorgis, L., & Zhang, X. T. (2018). Flexibility as firm value driver: Evidence from offshore outsourcing. Global Strategy Journal, 8(2), 351-376.
DeBoeuf, D., Lee, H., Johnson, D., & Masharuev, M. (2018). Purchasing power return, a new paradigm of capital investment appraisal. Managerial Finance, 44(2), 241-256.
Delaney, C. J., Rich, S. P., & Rose, J. T. (2016). A Paradox within the Time Value of Money: A Critical Thinking Exercise for Finance Students. American Journal of Business Education, 9(2), 83-86.
Easton, M., & Sommers, Z. (2018). Financial Statement Analysis & Valuation. Seattle: amazon.com.
Gotze, U., Northcott, D., & Schuster, P. (2016). Investment Appraisal. Berlin: Springer.
Greco, S., Figueira, J., & Ehrgott, M. (2016). Multiple criteria decision analysis. New York: Springer.
Hawkins, D. (1997). Corporate financial reporting and analysis: Text and cases. Homewood, IL: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Hribar, P., Melessa, S., Mergenthaler, R., & Small, R. C. (2018). An Examination of the Relative Abilities of Earnings and Cash Flows to Explain Returns and Market Values. Rotman School of Management Working Paper, 10-15.
Kaszas, M., & Janda, K. (2018). The Impact of Globalization on International Finance and Accounting. In Indirect Valuation and Earnings Stability: Within-Company Use of the Earnings Multiple (pp. 161-172). Berlin, Germany: Springer, Cham.
King, R., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. The quarterly journal of economics, 108(3), 717-737.
Kraus, S., Kallmuenzer, A., Stieger, D., Peters, M., & Calabrò, A. (2018). Entrepreneurial paths to family firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 88, 382-387.
Laaksonen, O., & Peltoniemi, M. (2018). The essence of dynamic capabilities and their measurement. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(2), 184-205.
Lamberton, D. (2011). Introduction to stochastic calculus applied to finance. UK: Chapman and Hall.
Landier, A. (2015). The WACC fallacy: The real effects of using a unique discount rate. The Journal of Finance, 70(3), 1253-1285.
Lee, L., Kerler, W., & Ivancevich, D. (2018). Beyond Excel: Software Tools and the Accounting Curriculum. AIS Educator Journal, 13(1), 44-61.
Li, W. S. (2018). Strategic Value Analysis: Business Valuation. In Strategic Management Accounting. Singapore: Springer.
Magni, C. (2015). Investment, financing and the role of ROA and WACC in value creation. European Journal of Operational Research, 244(3), 855-866.
Marchioni, A., & Magni, C. A. (2018). Sensitivity Analysis and Investment Decisions: NPV-Consistency of Straight-Line Rate of Return. Department of Economics.
Metcalfe, J., & Miles, I. (2012). Innovation systems in the service economy: measurement and case study analysis. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
Oliveira, F. B., & Zotes, L. P. (2018). Valuation methodologies for business startups: a bibliographical study and survey. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 15(1), 96-111.
Pellegrino, R., Costantino, N., & Tauro, D. (2018). Supply Chain Finance: A supply chain-oriented perspective to mitigate commodity risk and pricing volatility. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 1-10.
Pham, T. N., & Alenikov, T. (2018). The importance of Weighted Average Cost of Capital in investment decision-making for investors of corporations in the healthcare industry.
Smith, K. T., Betts, T. K., & Smith, L. M. (2018). Financial analysis of companies concerned about human rights. International Journal of Business Excellence, 14(3), 360-379.
Teresa, M. G. (2018). How the Equity Terminal Value Influences the Value of the Firm. Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis, 13(1).
Yang, Y., Pankow, J., Swan, H., Willett, J., Mitchell, S. G., Rudes, D. S., & Knight, K. (2018). Preparing for analysis: a practical guide for a critical step for procedural rigour in large-scale multisite qualitative research studies. Quality and Quantity, 52(2), 815-828.
Warning! This article is only an example and cannot be used for research or reference purposes. If you need help with something similar, please submit your details here.
Charlie Chris
5.0
The additional features are that they provided me with genuine paper along with the many discounts for the next order plus plagiarism report and Grammar-checker report. The surprising point is that all my guidelines were fulfilled by this service
Tim Lessi
5.0
Both assignments that I obtained from this service secured A grade. I just ordered this due to the suitable rate but the paper was also fine.
Caroline Tyler
5.0
I've bookmarked this service because I need its assistance for the coursework. Greatly appreciated!
Harriet Edward
5.0
I got the order as I wanted. The prices were suitable and I'm pleased with this company. Thank you!
Next Articles
- TeeGolf Company: To Exit Or Not To Exit Team 1 Case Solution
- Visualfy: Improving The Quality Of Life Of An Invisible Community Case Solution
- TeeGolf Company: To Exit Or Not To Exit Team 2 Case Solution
- Excel(lence) With Interest Case Solution
- Titan Company: Mining For Gold Through Innovation And Entrepreneurship Case Solution
- UAE Exchange: The RACE To Positive Organizational Change Case Solution
- Uniqlo: Re Examining American Expansion Case Solution
- Spotify's Direct Listing IPO Case Solution
- Leading Means Educating Intelligence And Character Case Solution
- Seeking Skills, Finding Barriers: Vocational Training In Punjab (Sequel) Case Solution
Previous Articles
- Coco Chanel: From Fashion Icon To Nazi Agent Case Solution
- Growing Home: Creating Institutional Change In China Case Solution
- Bringing Vision To Life: Culture Development At CEL Case Solution
- The Neat Account: Fintech Innovation In Hong Kong Case Solution
- Funskool India: Defend, Lead, And Counter Rivals Case Solution
- Ajanta Packaging: Key Account Management Case Solution
- Sheng Siong Mirror, Mirror... Whoso The Fairer? Case Solution
- Happy UAE Case Solution
- Choosing An Advertising Research Strategy For Intuit Inc. Case Solution
- Personnel Problems Case Solution
Be a great writer or hire a greater one!
Academic writing has no room for errors and mistakes. If you have BIG dreams to score BIG, think out of the box and hire Case48 with BIG enough reputation.
Our Guarantees
Interesting Fact
Most recent surveys suggest that around 76 % students try professional academic writing services at least once in their lifetime!